Radivoj Radić
Univerzitet u Beogradu
Filozofski fakultet – Odeljenje za istoriju, Beograd
rradic@f.bg.ac.rs
doi: 10.19090/cit.2021.38.2-16
No. 38 (May 2021), p. 2-16
Byzantines and the Written Word
Summary
Byzantine civilization did not know the printed book: it was a civilization of manuscripts and manuscript books
(codices) made of papyrus, parchment, and paper. The ancient Greeks bequeathed to the Byzantines the word Logos
(in multiple meanings – word, speech, mind, reason, supreme principle, the divine creative power, the word of God,
the word as the bearer of life and light), as the greatest treasure. The Rhomaioi (Byzantines) polished the skill of
use of words and the ability to persuade with words to their full glory. However, the use of words within Byzantine
civilization flourished completely and reached its apogee in literature. An important feature of the Greek language
in Byzantine times (the period from the fourth to the fifteenth century) is diglossia, i.e. the existence of two different
varieties of a language used under different conditions within a community – a high, socially prestigious form, used
for writing, and a low, simpler, everyday spoken form. For Christians, a sensitive issue was the attitude towards the
ancient pagan heritage: they accepted what did not conflict with their dogmas, and rejected the rest.
Today, there are about 55,000 Greek manuscripts in the world, of which about 40,000 are Byzantine. In order to be
distributed to readers and preserved from decay, manuscript books were being transcribed in scriptoriums, in which
not only monks but also secular people of various professions were working. Books were very expensive. There were
public, imperial, patriarchal, monastic, and private libraries, with not large collections of manuscripts. As Byzantine
civilization was approaching its decline, the migration of Greek manuscripts from Byzantium to the Latin world
of Western Europe began. In that way, the great heritage of ancient civilization was preserved and transferred to
European countries.
Keywords:
Byzantium, manuscripts, codices, scriptoriums, words, civilization, antiquity, Western Europe
Submitted: 5th February 2021
Correction to the manuscript: 11th March 2021
Accepted for publication: 15th March 2021
Byzantines and the Written Word
by
Radivoj Radić
is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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